Chemistry, Bachelor of Arts
| Degree: | Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) |
| Major: | Chemistry |
| Specializations: | Chemistry Chemistry/Biochemistry Chemistry Teaching |
| Minor: | Chemistry |
| Certificate: | Chemistry for Laboratory Health Sciences |
| Department: | Chemistry Building 58C, Room 204 850-474-2739 http://uwf.edu/chemistry |
| College: | Hal Marcus College of Science and Engineering |
| CIP Code: | 40.0501 |
| Semester Hours Required For Degree: 120 | |
The B.A. in Chemistry is available in two specializations: Chemistry and Chemistry/Biochemistry. Both specializations are designed for students who need a strong background in chemistry for application in other fields such as business, education, forensic science, pre-medical, pre-dental, pre-law, and some environmental fields.
The program is designed for students who need a strong background in chemistry for application in other fields. The tracks within this program are business, pre-law, and education, and chemical hygiene. Each track has the same core of chemistry courses and a set of required courses which depends on the area of concentration. The education track meets the American Chemical Society (ACS) recommendations for a Chemistry/Education degree.
Students may also complete an advisor approved minor or its 15-18 semester hours (sh) equivalent in a field related to the student’s career objectives.
Program Requirements
In addition to the university’s general requirements, students seeking the B.A. in Chemistry must meet the requirements listed below.
Students should consult with their academic advisor for courses which may satisfy both the General Education requirements and common prerequisites.
A grade of “C-” or better is required in all common prerequisites. No grade below a “C-” in a major course may be applied toward graduation.
B.A. Chemistry Specialization
The program is designed for students who need a strong background in chemistry for application in other fields. The tracks within this program are business, pre-law, education, and chemical hygiene. Each track has the same core of chemistry courses and a set of required courses which depends on the area of concentration. The education track meets the American Chemical Society (ACS) recommendations for a Chemistry/Education degree.
General Education
In addition to the General Education requirements listed on this page, students must satisfy all additional University requirements, including the College-Level Communication and Computation, Multicultural, and Foreign Language requirements. With appropriate planning and coordination with an academic advisor, students may satisfy some of the general University requirements through the General Education curriculum. For a complete listing of general degree requirements, refer to the State University Requirements section of this catalog.
General Education Curriculum:
Multicultural Requirement
Civic Literacy Requirement
The 2017 Florida Legislature amended Section 1007.25, Florida Statutes, to require students initially entering a State University System (SUS) and/or Florida College System (FCS) institution in 2018-2019 and thereafter to demonstrate competency in civic literacy. The 2021 Legislature further amended Florida Statutes, requiring students to complete both a civic literacy course and an exam. As a result, there are three cohorts of students currently matriculating at Florida public institutions subject to varying requirements. As demonstrated in the table below, the exact civic literacy requirements are based on the academic term in which a student first enrolled in a Florida public institution.
| Students Included in Cohort | Civic Literacy Competency Requirement |
| Cohort 1: Students first entering the SUS or FCS prior to fall 2018 | None |
| Cohort 2: Students first entering the SUS or FCS in fall 2018 – summer A 2021 | Complete a course or exam (course options AMH 2020, POS 2041 ) |
| Cohort 3: Students first entering the SUS or FCS in summer B 2021 (on or after July 1, 2021) and thereafter | Complete both a course and exam (course options AMH 2020, POS 2041) |
Additionally, the 2021 Legislature made two additional exceptions: approving the use of accelerated mechanisms for meeting the course competency requirement and exempting high school students who pass the Florida Civic Literacy Exam in high school from the postsecondary exam requirement. These two changes are in effect for Cohort 3.
There are multiple ways to satisfy this requirement. Students should work with their academic advisor to determine which option is best for their degree requirements/degree plan.
Additional information can be found on our Civic Literacy website, SUS regulation BOG 8.006 and Florida Statute s.1007.25(4,a-b).
Mathematics Pathway
Students are advised to complete the following courses to fulfill the mathematics pathway that aligns with the mathematics skills needed for success in their program and their career goals. Students should refer to their academic advisor for questions about the math pathway for their program. For information about this requirement, refer to the catalog page for Mathematics Pathways. These courses may also fulfill requirements for General Education and Common Prerequisites.
| Algebra through Calculus | ||
| Students will be placed on a starting point based on their mathematics placement. | ||
| MAC 1105 | College Algebra | 3 |
| or MAC 1105C | College Algebra with Lab | |
| or MAC 1147 | Precalculus with Trigonometry | |
| or MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | |
| MAC 1147 | Precalculus with Trigonometry | 4 |
| or MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | |
| or MAC 2313 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus III | |
Common Prerequisites
State-mandated common prerequisites must be completed prior to graduation, but are not required for admission to the program. See the Common Prerequisite Manual for course substitutions from Florida colleges and universities.
| CHM 2045+L | General Chemistry I (+Lab) * | 4 |
| CHM 2046+L | General Chemistry II (+Lab) * | 4 |
| MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I * | 4 |
| MAC 2312 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus II * | 4 |
| CHM 2210+L | Organic Chemistry I (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 2211+L | Organic Chemistry II (+Lab) | 4 |
| Choose one option from the following: | 8 | |
| Option 1 | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics I (+Lab) * | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics II (+Lab) * | ||
| Option 2 | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics I (+Lab) * | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics II (+Lab) * | ||
| Total Hours | 32 | |
- *
Indicates common prerequisites which can be used to satisfy General Education requirements.
Lower Division Electives
| Students must complete sufficient 1000/2000 level electives to satisfy at least 60 semester hours in the lower division. Current UWF students may use elective courses at any level (1000-4000) to meet this elective requirement. | 0-13 | |
| Total Hours | 0-13 | |
Major
| CHM 3120+L | Analytical Chemistry (+Lab) + | 4 |
| CHM 3400C | Basic Physical Chemistry + | 4 |
| CHM 4611 | Inorganic Chemistry + | 4 |
| CHM 4931 | Seminars in Chemistry + | 3 |
| Choose 12 semester hours (with approval from department advisor): | 12 | |
| Organic Chemistry III + | ||
| Advanced Laboratory Techniques + | ||
| Chemistry Internship + | ||
| Instrumental Analysis (+Lab) + | ||
| Introduction to Polymer Science (+Lab) + | ||
| Inorganic Synthesis + | ||
| Undergraduate Chemistry Research + | ||
| Seminar: Special Topics in Advanced Chemistry + | ||
| Total Hours | 27 | |
- +
Courses included in the major GPA.
Major-Related
Students must choose one of the following tracks:
Business Track*
| GEB 3032 | Business Foundations for Non-Business Majors | 3 |
| MAR 4403 | Sales Management | 3 |
| MAR 4412 | Professional Selling Methods | 3 |
| Choose one of the following: | 3 | |
| Elements of Statistics | ||
| Applied Statistics | ||
| Choose two of the following: | 6 | |
| Accounting for Non-Majors | ||
| Principles of Economic Theory and Public Policy | ||
| Management Fundamentals | ||
| Total Hours | 18 | |
- *
No more than 24% of the program requirements for this degree may be in traditional business subjects.
Pre-Law Track
| CJL 3510 | Courts | 3 |
| PLA 4263 | Evidence | 3 |
| PLA 4309 | Criminal Procedure | 3 |
| Choose two of the following: | 6 | |
| Environmental Law | ||
| Legal Research and Writing | ||
| Tort Law | ||
| Criminal Law | ||
| Total Hours | 15 | |
Education Track
| EDF 3234 | Applied Foundations of Education | 3 |
| EDG 4323 | Methods of K-12 Literacy Instruction | 3 |
| ESE 4322 | Instruction, Management, and Assessment: Secondary Education | 3 |
| ESE 4940 | Secondary Practicum | 3 |
| SCE 4320 | Teaching Science in Middle and Secondary Schools | 3 |
| Total Hours | 15 | |
Chemical Hygiene Track
| Advisor Approved Elective | 3 | |
| PHC 4341 | Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health | 3 |
| PHC 4340 | Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene | 3 |
| HSC 4404 | Medical Disaster Management | 3 |
| EVR 4035 | Environmental Law | 3 |
| One additional advisor elective course | 3-4 | |
| Total Hours | 18-19 | |
Minor Track
| Students must complete an advisor approved minor or its 15-18 semester hour equivalent in a field related to the student’s career objectives and additional approved 3000/4000 level electives outside chemistry. | 15-18 | |
| Total Hours | 15-18 | |
Upper Division Electives
| Students must complete sufficient 3000/4000 level electives to meet UWF’s requirement of 48 semester hours in the upper division or complete all departmental requirements at the 3000/4000 level, whichever is greater. | 8-20 | |
| Total Hours | 8-20 | |
B.A. Chemistry/Biochemistry Specialization
The program is designed for students who need a strong background in chemistry/biochemistry for application in other fields. The tracks within this program are: Environmental, Forensic Sciences, Pre-Medical, and Medicinal Chemistry. Each track has the same core of chemistry courses and a set of required courses which depends on the area of concentration. The Pre-Medical track prepares students for admission to medical, dental, and pharmacy schools while providing the broad-based education preferred by these institutions.
General Education
In addition to the General Education requirements listed on this page, students must satisfy all additional University requirements, including the College-Level Communication and Computation, Multicultural, and Foreign Language requirements. With appropriate planning and coordination with an academic advisor, students may satisfy some of the general University requirements through the General Education curriculum. For a complete listing of general degree requirements, refer to the State University Requirements section of this catalog.
General Education Curriculum:
Multicultural Requirement
Civic Literacy Requirement
The 2017 Florida Legislature amended Section 1007.25, Florida Statutes, to require students initially entering a State University System (SUS) and/or Florida College System (FCS) institution in 2018-2019 and thereafter to demonstrate competency in civic literacy. The 2021 Legislature further amended Florida Statutes, requiring students to complete both a civic literacy course and an exam. As a result, there are three cohorts of students currently matriculating at Florida public institutions subject to varying requirements. As demonstrated in the table below, the exact civic literacy requirements are based on the academic term in which a student first enrolled in a Florida public institution.
| Students Included in Cohort | Civic Literacy Competency Requirement |
| Cohort 1: Students first entering the SUS or FCS prior to fall 2018 | None |
| Cohort 2: Students first entering the SUS or FCS in fall 2018 – summer A 2021 | Complete a course or exam (course options AMH 2020, POS 2041 ) |
| Cohort 3: Students first entering the SUS or FCS in summer B 2021 (on or after July 1, 2021) and thereafter | Complete both a course and exam (course options AMH 2020, POS 2041) |
Additionally, the 2021 Legislature made two additional exceptions: approving the use of accelerated mechanisms for meeting the course competency requirement and exempting high school students who pass the Florida Civic Literacy Exam in high school from the postsecondary exam requirement. These two changes are in effect for Cohort 3.
There are multiple ways to satisfy this requirement. Students should work with their academic advisor to determine which option is best for their degree requirements/degree plan.
Additional information can be found on our Civic Literacy website, SUS regulation BOG 8.006 and Florida Statute s.1007.25(4,a-b).
Mathematics Pathway
Students are advised to complete the following courses to fulfill the mathematics pathway that aligns with the mathematics skills needed for success in their program and their career goals. Students should refer to their academic advisor for questions about the math pathway for their program. For information about this requirement, refer to the catalog page for Mathematics Pathways. These courses may also fulfill requirements for General Education and Common Prerequisites.
| Algebra through Calculus | ||
| Students will be placed on a starting point based on their mathematics placement. | ||
| MAC 1105 | College Algebra | 3-4 |
| or MAC 1105C | College Algebra with Lab | |
| or MAC 1147 | Precalculus with Trigonometry | |
| or MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | |
| MAC 1147 | Precalculus with Trigonometry | 4 |
| or MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | |
| or MAC 2313 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus III | |
Common Prerequisites
State-mandated common prerequisites must be completed prior to graduation, but are not required for admission to the program. See the Common Prerequisite Manual for course substitutions from Florida colleges and universities.
| CHM 2045+L | General Chemistry I (+Lab) * | 4 |
| CHM 2046+L | General Chemistry II (+Lab) * | 4 |
| MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I * | 4 |
| MAC 2312 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus II * | 4 |
| CHM 2210+L | Organic Chemistry I (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 2211+L | Organic Chemistry II (+Lab) | 4 |
| Choose one option from the following: | 8 | |
| Option 1 | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics I (+Lab) * | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics II (+Lab) * | ||
| Option 2 | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics I (+Lab) * | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics II (+Lab) * | ||
| Total Hours | 32 | |
- *
Indicates common prerequisites which can be used to satisfy General Education requirements.
Lower Division Electives
| Students must complete sufficient 1000/2000 level electives to satisfy at least 60 semester hours (sh) in the lower division. Current UWF students may use elective courses at any level (1000-4000) to meet this elective requirement. | 1-5 | |
| Total Hours | 1-5 | |
Major
| CHM 3120+L | Analytical Chemistry (+Lab) + | 4 |
| CHM 3400C | Basic Physical Chemistry + | 4 |
| CHM 4611 | Inorganic Chemistry + | 4 |
| CHM 4931 | Seminars in Chemistry + | 3 |
| Choose 12 semester hours (with approval from departmental advisor): | 12 | |
| Organic Chemistry III + | ||
| Advanced Laboratory Techniques + | ||
| Chemistry Internship + | ||
| Instrumental Analysis (+Lab) + | ||
| Introduction to Polymer Science (+Lab) + | ||
| Inorganic Synthesis + | ||
| Undergraduate Chemistry Research + | ||
| Seminar: Special Topics in Advanced Chemistry + | ||
| Total Hours | 27 | |
- +
Courses included in the major GPA.
Major-Related
| BSC 2010 | Biology I | 3 |
| BSC 2010L | Biology I Laboratory | 1 |
| BSC 2011 | Biology II | 3 |
| BSC 2011L | Biology II Laboratory | 1 |
| Total Hours | 8 | |
Students must choose one of the following tracks:
Environmental Track
| GLY 2010+L | Physical Geology (+Lab) | 4 |
| GEO 4260+L | Geography of Soils (+Lab) | 4 |
| GEO 4280+L | Basic Hydrology (+Lab) | 4 |
| Choose one of the following: | 3 | |
| Biogeochemistry | ||
| Geochemistry | ||
| Choose one of the following: | 3 | |
| Conservation of Natural Resources | ||
| Environmental Impact Assessment | ||
| Total Hours | 18 | |
Pre-Medical Track
| PHI 3670 | Ethics | 3 |
| Advisor approved elective | 3 | |
| Choose three of the following: | 11-12 | |
| Genetics (+Lab) | ||
| Human Physiology | ||
| Microbiology (+Lab) | ||
| Biochemistry I (+Lab) | ||
| Total Hours | 17-18 | |
Forensic Sciences Track
| CCJ 3024 | Criminal Justice System | 3 |
| CJE 3674 | Introduction to the Forensic Sciences | 3 |
| CCJ 3651 | Drugs, Crime, and Criminal Justice | 3 |
| Advisor Approved Elective | 3 | |
| Choose two of the following: | 6 | |
| Criminal Investigation | ||
| Evidence | ||
| Forensic Anthropology | ||
| Criminal Procedure | ||
| Criminology | ||
| Total Hours | 18 | |
Medicinal Chemistry Track
| PCB 3063 | Genetics | 3 |
| PCB 3063L | Genetics Lab | 1 |
| BCH 3033 | Biochemistry I | 3 |
| BCH 3033L | Biochemistry I Laboratory | 1 |
| BCH 3034 | Biochemistry II | 3 |
| PCB 4233 | Immunology | 3 |
| PCB 4233L | Immunology Laboratory | 1 |
| Advisor-approved elective courses | 3-4 | |
| Total Hours | 18-19 | |
Upper Division Electives
| Students must complete sufficient 3000/4000 level electives to meet UWF’s requirement of 48 semester hours in the upper division or complete all departmental requirements at the 3000/4000 level, whichever is greater. | 13-17 | |
| Total Hours | 13-17 | |
B.A. Chemistry Teaching Specialization
Admission to Chemistry Teaching
Students declaring a major in the Chemistry Teaching degree programs will automatically be placed in a pending status until they are fully admitted to the program. While in the pending status, students may not take 3000/4000 level education coursework, but should work closely with their advisor to plan an appropriate course of study in preparation for application to the program.
To be admitted, students must meet the following requirements:
- A cumulative GPA of 2.50 in all previously attempted college work;
- A passing score on the General Knowledge Test of the Florida Teacher Certification Exam;
- Completion of EDG 2041 Exploring Inquiry Teaching or equivalent with a grade of "C-" or higher.
The admission process requires students to complete the Application for Admission to Teacher Education (which includes a self-rating on dispositions toward teaching) and complete the orientation requirement.
General Education
In addition to the General Education requirements listed on this page, students must satisfy all additional University requirements, including the College-Level Communication and Computation, Multicultural, and Foreign Language requirements. With appropriate planning and coordination with an academic advisor, students may satisfy some of the general University requirements through the General Education curriculum. For a complete listing of general degree requirements, refer to the State University Requirements section of this catalog.
General Education Curriculum:
Multicultural Requirement
Civic Literacy Requirement
The 2017 Florida Legislature amended Section 1007.25, Florida Statutes, to require students initially entering a State University System (SUS) and/or Florida College System (FCS) institution in 2018-2019 and thereafter to demonstrate competency in civic literacy. The 2021 Legislature further amended Florida Statutes, requiring students to complete both a civic literacy course and an exam. As a result, there are three cohorts of students currently matriculating at Florida public institutions subject to varying requirements. As demonstrated in the table below, the exact civic literacy requirements are based on the academic term in which a student first enrolled in a Florida public institution.
| Students Included in Cohort | Civic Literacy Competency Requirement |
| Cohort 1: Students first entering the SUS or FCS prior to fall 2018 | None |
| Cohort 2: Students first entering the SUS or FCS in fall 2018 – summer A 2021 | Complete a course or exam (course options AMH 2020, POS 2041 ) |
| Cohort 3: Students first entering the SUS or FCS in summer B 2021 (on or after July 1, 2021) and thereafter | Complete both a course and exam (course options AMH 2020, POS 2041) |
Additionally, the 2021 Legislature made two additional exceptions: approving the use of accelerated mechanisms for meeting the course competency requirement and exempting high school students who pass the Florida Civic Literacy Exam in high school from the postsecondary exam requirement. These two changes are in effect for Cohort 3.
There are multiple ways to satisfy this requirement. Students should work with their academic advisor to determine which option is best for their degree requirements/degree plan.
Additional information can be found on our Civic Literacy website, SUS regulation BOG 8.006 and Florida Statute s.1007.25(4,a-b).
Mathematics Pathway
Students are advised to complete the following courses to fulfill the mathematics pathway that aligns with the mathematics skills needed for success in their program and their career goals. Students should refer to their academic advisor for questions about the math pathway for their program. For information about this requirement, refer to the catalog page for Mathematics Pathways. These courses may also fulfill requirements for General Education and Common Prerequisites.
| Algebra through Calculus | ||
| MAC 1105 | College Algebra | 3 |
| or MAC 1105C | College Algebra with Lab | |
| or MAC 1147 | Precalculus with Trigonometry | |
| or MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | |
| MAC 1147 | Precalculus with Trigonometry | 4 |
| or MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | |
| or MAC 2313 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus III | |
| Students will be placed on a starting point based on their mathematics placement. | ||
Common Prerequisites
State-mandated common prerequisites must be completed prior to graduation, but are not required for admission to the program. See the Common Prerequisite Manual for course substitutions from Florida colleges and universities.
| CHM 2045+L | General Chemistry I (+Lab) * | 4 |
| CHM 2046+L | General Chemistry II (+Lab) * | 4 |
| MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I * | 4 |
| MAC 2312 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus II * | 4 |
| CHM 2210+L | Organic Chemistry I (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 2211+L | Organic Chemistry II (+Lab) | 4 |
| Choose one option from the following: | 8 | |
| Calculus-Based Physics I (+Lab) * | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics II (+Lab) * | ||
| Option 2 | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics I (+Lab) * | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics II (+Lab) * | ||
| Total Hours | 32 | |
- *
Indicates common prerequisites which can be used to satisfy General Education requirements.
Lower Division Electives
| Students must complete sufficient 1000/2000 level electives to satisfy at least 60 sh in the lower division. Current UWF students may use 0 to 10 credit hours of elective courses at any level (1000-4000) to meet this elective requirement. | 0-10 | |
| Total Hours | 0-10 | |
Chemistry Teach Upper Division Chemistry Requirement
| CHM 3120+L | Analytical Chemistry (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 3400C | Basic Physical Chemistry | 4 |
| CHM 4611 | Inorganic Chemistry | 4 |
| CHM 4931 | Seminars in Chemistry | 3 |
| Choose 12 semester hours (with approval) | 12 | |
| Organic Chemistry III | ||
| Advanced Laboratory Techniques | ||
| Chemistry Internship | ||
| Instrumental Analysis (+Lab) | ||
| Introduction to Polymer Science (+Lab) | ||
| Inorganic Synthesis | ||
| Undergraduate Chemistry Research | ||
| Seminar: Special Topics in Advanced Chemistry | ||
| Total Hours | 27 | |
Chemistry Teaching Education Core
| EDG 2041 | Exploring Inquiry Teaching | 3 |
| EDF 3234 | Applied Foundations of Education | 3 |
| EDG 4323 | Methods of K-12 Literacy Instruction | 3 |
| EDG 4948 | Apprenticeship Teaching | 6 |
| ESE 4322 | Instruction, Management, and Assessment: Secondary Education | 3 |
| ESE 4940 | Secondary Practicum | 3 |
| SCE 4320 | Teaching Science in Middle and Secondary Schools | 3 |
| TSL 4080 | ESOL Principles and Practices | 3 |
| Total Hours | 27 | |
Upper Division Electives
| Student must complete sufficient 3000/4000 level electives to meet UWF’s requirement of 48 semester hours in the upper division or complete all departmental requirements at the 3000/4000 level, whichever is greater. This program as shown will meet the required 48 hours of upper division classes | 11 | |
| Total Hours | 11 | |
Chemistry Minor
The Minor in Chemistry is designed for students majoring in other science disciplines. Chemistry majors may not earn this minor. The following requirements must be completed.
| CHM 2045+L | General Chemistry I (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 2046+L | General Chemistry II (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 2210+L | Organic Chemistry I (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 2211+L | Organic Chemistry II (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 3120+L | Analytical Chemistry (+Lab) | 4 |
| CHM 3400C | Basic Physical Chemistry | 4 |
| CHM 4611 | Inorganic Chemistry | 4 |
| MAC 2311 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus I | 4 |
| MAC 2312 | Analytic Geometry and Calculus II | 4 |
| Advisor-approved 3000/4000 level course | 3-4 | |
| Choose one option from the following: | 8 | |
| Option 1 | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics I (+Lab) | ||
| Calculus-Based Physics II (+Lab) | ||
| Option 2 | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics I (+Lab) | ||
| Algebra-Based Physics II (+Lab) | ||
| Total Hours | 47-48 | |
Chemistry for Laboratory Health Sciences Certificate
This certificate program focuses on elements of introductory general chemistry courses and organic chemistry. In this certificate, students will develop knowledge and problem-solving skills to prepare them for advanced studies in Laboratory Health Sciences. Students must complete prerequisites in mathematics for the courses in this program.
| CHM 2030 | General Chemistry 1 for Laboratory Health Sciences | 3 |
| CHM 2031 | General Chemistry 2 for Laboratory Health Sciences | 3 |
| CHM 2202 | Organic Chemistry for Laboratory Health Sciences | 3 |
| Total Hours | 9 | |